1. Must an epic poem contain epic machinery?
a. Yes. To be called "epic" means that the poem contains all of the basic elements of epic machinery.
b. No. Epic machinery only applies to a certain kind of epic poem from Greece or Italy. Epics such as Gilgamesh and Ramayana follow an entirely different set of conventions.
c. Probably. Although few poems contain all the elements, all epics contain some of them—no matter the culture of origin.
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An epic is a lengthy, revered narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation.[1] A work need not be written to qualify as an epic, although even the works of such great poets as Homer, Dante Alighieri, and John Milton would be unlikely to have survived without being written down. The first epics are known as primary, or original, epics. Epics that attempt to imitate these like Virgil's The Aeneid and John Milton's Paradise Lost are known as literary, or secondary, epics.[2] Another word for epic poetry is epyllion (plural: epyllia) which is a brief narrative poem with a romantic or mythological theme. The term, which means 'little epic', came in use in the Nineteenth century. It refers primarily to the type of erotic and mythological long elegy of which Ovid remains the master; to a lesser degree, the term includes some poems of the English Renaissance, particularly those influenced by Ovid. One suggested example of classical epyllion may be seen in the story of Nisus and Euryalus in Book IX of The Aeneid.
Epics have 6 main characteristics:
1. The hero is of imposing stature, of national or international importance, and of great historical or legendary significance.
2. The setting is vast, covering many nations, the world, or the universe.
3. The action consists of deeds of great valor or requiring superhuman courage.
4. Supernatural forces—gods, angels, demons—interest themselves in the action.
5. A style of sustained elevation is used.
6. The poet retains a measure of objectivity.
Some modern day Epics, like Paterson, is a poem by influential modern American poet William Carlos Williams that in my opinion may not use all 6, but is still considered an Epic, so I am leaning towards C.
Hope this helps.
C.
c.